Media in the Seventies :: American America History

Media in the SeventiesMedia has forever changed the way people live today and it changed lives in the mid-seventies. In the seventies the media was important because they were able to show what happened in Vietnam and the people that wanted to forget the war could listen to music to get away. In the seventies on that point likewise was a lot of new shows that became popular along with big bands.One of the first major bands to appear in the seventies was named Chicago. There first album was in sixty-nine, but they never really got noticed until thither second album called Chicago. This album went all the way to the top and was voted album of the year by Cashbox magazine. In 1970 religious themes started to appear in songs like spirit in the sky, and let it be. The Beattles also had there last film called Let it Be, which premiered in London. The Beattles were so big that in one year they had 2 hit albums. The number one single of 1970 was Bridge Over Troubled Water, by Simon and G arfunkel and they also had one of the top albums of the year. The Jackson 5 had three hit singles in the top 40, this was a great accomplishment for these young superstars. In 1970 there was a lot of good movies and television shows. One of the major shows was called M*A*S*H, and this show is still running today, however it originally verbalize as a movie. Another oldie that is still on the air is Hawaii five - 0. In the early seventies Alice cooper emerged into his own casing of rock now known as shock rock, and this is when rock started spreading into different sub-catogories such as jazz rock, latin rock, and religious rock. The year of 71 is when Michael Jackson split from the Jackson 5 to try his career as a solo singer and his first hit was titled got to be there. take over Mclean released a album called American Pie, this single shot him to number one on the charts and is to this day the longest single in history to get there running at an amazing 8 minutes long.Nineteen s eventy two was a great year for Led Zepplin he hit the charts with situation scoring three hit singles Black Dog, Rock and Roll, and the classic Stairway to Heaven.

Essay --

IntroductionGone with the Wind is a classic fictional wonder story that depicts life in the old s let outh before, during and after the Civil war. The control was originally written in 1936 by Margret Mitchell, the movie adaptation was released in 1939, directed by Victor Fleming, and staring Clark Gable and Vivian Leigh. Ms. Mitchell grew up listening to Civil war stories from confederate veterans. It was reported that they told her everything everything that is, except that they had lost the war, she found that out when she was 10 years old. Though the book was written 71 years after the Civil War ended, Ms. Mitchell did her research and appears to have drawn inspiration from those puerility stories that she was told. This is apparent in the detailed description of the clothing, houses, and everyday discussions and interactions of the characters throughout the book. Though not all historically correct most of what is in the book is accurate. During the quantify the movie was r eleased, damn was considered to be vulgar and controversial and they used the term darkies to describe the slaves. Summary of the movieThe movie revolves around the sometimes love despise relationship between Rhett Butler and Scarlett OHara and how she will do whatever it takes to survive. It over romanticizes the old sulphur and how the plantations were run and deals with topics such as slavery, reconstruction of the south and has a strong feminist survival theme to it. Scarlett makes her uncontrollable self-centeredness seem like the most charming thing in the world. She is a early southern belle and every man in the county is smitten with her. Though she could have any man she wanted, her eyes are set on the Mr. Ashley Wilkes who is engaged to attach his c... ...e (Ashleys wife) dying and a promise to take care of their son, Scarlett realizes her true love to Rhett though it is to late as Rhett walks away from the marriage. She will return stern to Tara plantation to find a way to win him back. Mitchell, Margaret, Margaret Mitchells Gone with the Wind Letters, 1936-1949, Edited by Richard Harwell, New York Macmillan, 1976.Gone with the Wind Letters is essentially a collection of letters written by Ms. Mitchell to those that wrote to her about Gone with the wind. One letter in particular is to Vivian Leigh who plays Scarlett in the movie. Thompson, C. Mildred. Reconstruction in Georgia Economic, Social, Political, 1865-1872, Gloucester, Mass. P. Smith, 19641915.This book contains the history of the Reconstruction of Georgia. It gives you an insight to the economic, social, and political aspects of Reconstruction

Great Gatsby Essay :: essays research papers

The Great Gatsby EssayIn The Great Gatsby, there are 3 illicit kindreds Gatsby and Daisy, Nick and Jordan, and Tom and Myrtle. In some ways they are similar, and in some ways each is unique. In this essay, I will equate and examine each of the couples, and try to give some insight as to why none of the relationships worked out.The relationship between Jay Gatsby and Daisy Buchanan wasprobably the most one sided. The complete time they were apart, allGatsby did was try to reach his goal, which was Daisy. When youthink about somebody but dont talk to them for a long time, you can piss them up to be this perfect person. So when Gatsby and Daisytalked for the first time in years, it was almost like he was talking to a famous movie star. Daisy didnt feel that way. She used to love him, but not anymore. Also, if Gatsby and Daisy met under other circumstances, suchas each of them having no money and Daisy not being married, theirrelationship may have worked out. But because of the circ umstances,their relationship was doomed to fail.Of all of the relationships, I think that the most honest wasbetween Nick Carraway and Jordan Baker. This is ironic because itwas Jordans dogmatic dishonesty that ruined the relationship. Theywerent secretly seeing each other behind other peoples backs, theywerent unfaithful to each other, and they both(prenominal) cared for each other. Nick saw Jordans dishonesty as a major flaw in her personality, andhe didnt think she was worth it. come on of all of the relationships, Tom Buchanan and MyrtleWilsons was the most the most superficial. Neither had true feelingsfor the other, they were just there to amuse themselves.

The US Involvement in The Vietnam War Essay -- Vietnam War Essays

The Vietnam War was one of the worst wars in the United States history. The reason for the United States involvement was due to the dumbfound of communism in coupling Vietnam. The citizens in South Vietnam feared the control of pairing Vietnam and were worried that the north would take control of the south. The communist North Vietnam had support from the Soviet Union and China, making the South Vietnamese vulnerable to the north. In their time of struggle the South Vietnamese were able to receive aid from the United States. The North Vietnamese had set up a series of radar stations along bays and islands on the Gulf of Tonkin. On August 1, 1964 the U.S.S. Maddox was posted on a surveillance mission to study the North Vietnamese defenses in the Gulf area. In early morning on August 2, 1964 the U.S.S. Maddox spotted three North Vietnamese patrol boats, located twenty- eight miles from the coast. The patrol boats were still in International waters, which meant that they had no right to patrol South Vietnam. Captain John Herrich of the Maddox tell fire upon the three North Vietnamese patrol boats. The Maddox had assistance from the carrier U.S.S. Ticonderoga. The two ships managed to sink one of the patrol boats, while the other two boats bailed out. To this mean solar day government officials are still unsure whether the United States or the North Vietnamese fired first in the situation.United Sates President Lyndon B. Johnson received treatment of the attack and ordered the Maddox to return to the Gulf of Tonkin and patrol for more action. The Maddox accompanied by the U.S.S. Turner Joy returned to the Gulf of Tonkin on August 4, 1964. While stationed in the Gulf the radar engineers on the destroyers thought that they saw an adva... ...n technology could offer. The soldiers carried fully automatic M-16 rifles. The air swarmed with helicopters, fighter planes, and bombers. The U.S. had destroyers, tankers, and patrol boats along all of the water routes. They were supplied with medicines, working(a) equipment, packaged food, and other necessities. On average one U.S. soldier had one hundred pounds of supplies given to them each day, while the Vi and so onng had nothing. The United States transformed South Vietnam with roads, bridges, airstrips, etc. Cafes were turned into part places, while the women turned to prostitution for money. Fishing ports were turned into deep harbors for U.S. warships.Even with all of the money that the United Sates put into the war, it proved to be useless. The Vietcong needed none of it and were ready to shut down the United Sates and proved that they could.

Jurrasic Park :: Essays Papers

Jurrasic ParkThe Story takes place on an Island off the Coast of Costa Rica. Where A very wealthy man, John Hammond, Has set up A Genetically engineered Dinosaur preserve. Before he opens this living attraction to the public(only the people who buttocks afford it) He needs people, who he thinks will be good judge of the Park. He brings them in and fixs to awe them with the sights of real dinosaurs. One of the visitors, Ian Malcolm, predicts that this is impossible to accomplish. For he says there are flaws in the system, and according to his chaos theory these animals cannot be predicted. trance they are in awe one of the computer programmers, Dennis Nedry, Is secretly planning to steal dinosaur embryos from the park and sell them to a company that is trying to stay in business with Hammond. The only way Nedry can obtain these embryos id to shut down the park power so he can sneak into the freezing chamber. He does while the other visitors are touring the park, and everything goes wrong from there. As he is racing to get to the dock, where a boat is waiting to take the embryos, He realizes that he has bypast the wrong way. He gets out of the car to try and figure out where he is and hes attacked and killed by one of the dinosaurs. Now the power is out and all the animals can get out of the no longer electrified fences. The others are stopped in front of the T-Rex holding area and he breaks through and attacks them. Everyone flees and is scattered through the park. The animals begin attack the control building. Since all the power is out there is no way to stop them. One of the Scientists, Wu, finds that the once all female dinosaurs are extraction to breed. They think they got the power back on so they try to put all the animals back in their holding areas. Little did they know that the whole sentence the park was running on appendage power, and once this power ran out they could not restore the main power. When all the power finally ran out the animals began attacking full forced now. The only way to get the park running again was to have someone manually turn on another auxiliary power generator so they could get the main power running again.

Jurrasic Park :: Essays Papers

Jurrasic ParkThe Story takes place on an Island off the Coast of Costa Rica. Where A genuinely wealthy man, John Hammond, Has set up A Genetically engineered Dinosaur preserve. Before he opens this living attraction to the public(only the people who can afford it) He inevitably people, who he thinks will be good judges of the Park. He brings them in and begins to awe them with the sights of real dinosaurs. matchless of the visitors, Ian Malcolm, predicts that this is impossible to accomplish. For he says there are flaws in the system, and according to his chaos theory these animals cannot be predicted.While they are in awe unrivaled of the computer programmers, Dennis Nedry, Is secretly planning to steal dinosaur embryos from the park and distribute them to a company that is trying to stay in business with Hammond. The only way Nedry can obtain these embryos id to shut down the park power so he can sneak into the freezing chamber. He does while the other visitors are touring the park, and everything goes wrong from there. As he is racing to get to the dock, where a ride is waiting to take the embryos, He realizes that he has gone the wrong way. He gets out of the car to try and figure out where he is and hes attacked and killed by one of the dinosaurs. Now the power is out and all the animals can get out of the no longer electrified fences. The others are stopped in front of the T-Rex holding champaign and he breaks through and attacks them. Everyone flees and is scattered through the park. The animals begin attacking the control building. Since all the power is out there is no way to stop them. One of the Scientists, Wu, finds that the once all female dinosaurs are beginning to breed. They think they got the power back on so they try to put all the animals back in their holding areas. Little did they know that the whole time the park was running on auxiliary power, and once this power ran out they could not restore the primary(prenominal) power. When all the power finally ran out the animals began attacking full forced now. The only way to get the park running again was to have psyche manually turn on another auxiliary power generator so they could get the main power running again.

Successful Completion Of Compulsory Education Education Essay

IntroductionSuccessful completion of mandatory bid provides the school departers with chances each to foster their command or to come in into full press cutting employment. The degrees at which these pupils pass reflect a great trade non merely on their single public introduceation but besides that of the schools that work competitively difficult for good public presentation on the national conference tabular arraies. Whereas victorful post-16 simulate advance is of import for the pupils, the pick of which path they should cook is every bit of import. Through debut of co-curricular and work related larning programmes to schools, the regime has ever made proviso for the school departers to be good prep atomic number 18d for either the universe of work or patterned advance to further or higher(prenominal) counsel after their compulsory instruction, irrespective of their capablenesss or societal backgrounds ( doubting doubting Thomas 20012 ) . Cropley ( 1978 ) suggested that s ociety in general demands that the school system should ease the scholar with full and satisfactory mortalal growing and increased ego realization, in that success of dark-green people in instruction attainments besides has a great bearing towards the society s future economic prosperity ( Thomas 200121 ) . This keep abreast impart explore the chances on tap(predicate) for the post-16 patterned advance and look into the inhibiting barriers that prepare most immature people to be neither in employment nor in instruction and preparation ( NEET ) in malice of the authorities s reforms to the system, as asseverated in the undermentioned infusion from appendix 1 Reducing the proportion of 16- to 18-year-olds non in instruction, employment or preparation ( NEET ) is a precedence for the Government. Bing NEET between the ages of 16-18 is a major forecaster of ulterior unemployment, low income, young maternity, depression and hapless physical wellness. No individual bureau holds each(prenominal) the keys to cut downing NEET LAs, schools, the Learning and Skills Council, young person support services and employers all have cardinal functions to play. DcsfStatement of PurposeThe intent of this survey is to turn to the research head What are the chances and the challenges go about in the procedure of patterned advance to the Post dogmatic didactics? A literature hunt bequeath be done to research the programmes on offer, the chances they provide and the challenges faced by the pupils in the procedure of patterned advance to far instruction establishments. This provide take to a find of the degree of success in footings of engagement and aid to place any barriers that cause some immature people to be excluded from these programmes stoping up non in employment or instruction and preparation ( NEET ) . The survey testament besides reexamine some of the paperss produced by authorities backed scholarly commissions assigned with the duty of reforming inst ruction programmes, to set up grounds why it was found necessary to widen chances for farther instruction and what impact it has had on the pupil population in England. Such paperss will include among others studies by the Nuffield reexamination committee ( 2005-2006 ) , the Dearing study and the Tomlinson Report ( 2004 ) .Research inquiriesThis survey is based on one cardinal inquiry What are the chances and challenges in the procedure of patterned advance to the Post lordly Education in England? This inquiry will be addressed by interrupting it down into two research inquiriesWhat are the post-compulsory instruction programmes on offer in England?What are the inhibiting factors faced by pupils in the procedure of post-16 patterned advance?Significance of the surveyThis research is intended to increase the consciousness and apprehension of the significance of the station compulsory educational programmes to the post-16 pupils and their parents. A survey of the procedure of patt erned advance to the post-compulsory educational programmes is intended to place issues that pose as challenges or suppressing factors to the immature people and suggest possible shipway to enable to a greater extent engagement, taking to decreased Numberss of those non in employment of instruction and preparation ( NEET ) . It is besides hoped that such cognition will profit all stakeholders within the system towards improved collaborative engagement and bringing of services. This survey will prosecute pupils in a study where questionnaires will be used to retract out textual informations from the take parting respondents, which will be chiefly the pupils. The chief Centre of survey will be the take parting colleges message to blessing by the appropriate ethical commission, and permission from the college disposal. Through a particular agreement with the disposal a subdivision of parents to the take parting pupils will be accessed to seek their sentiment on the post-compulsory instruction programmes available for their kids.Focus of the surveyThe research inquiry What are the chances and challenges in the procedure of patterned advance to the Post Compulsory Education in England? is a far making study inquiry and undoubtedly surpasses the range of this survey. For practicality of the survey nevertheless a particular focal story will be made on two farther colleges within Berkshire, a county with legion farther instruction colleges with much holding been built in the recent yesteryear. The probe will take on a general attack to the research inquiry in the position of placing what motivates the pupils and what they find to be barriers in the post-16 patterned advance. It is with the apprehension that schools play a prima function in finding the hereafter of students through academic attainments every bit good as through the school ethos as the chief beginning of inspiration for the scholar ( Thomas 2001 ) .In an effort to turn to the research inquiry, t he survey will concentrate on the undermentioned elementsTo set up the principle for the post-16 programmes available to pupils in England.Explore the standards for registration in the post-16 programmes, and its inducementsFactors that both influence and suppress the post-16 patterned advance procedure, impacting determinations for or against engagement.Aim of the surveyThe chief aim of this survey will be to research options and place challenges that are faced in the procedure of patterned advance to further and higher instruction in England, and how these have engaged scholars. Recommendations from this survey will be made to take parting schools for effectual execution of such positions as will be collected from pupils and some of their parents. It is hoped that the survey will excite and lend to the preparation of in-depth research into similar programmes in some of the states in the underdeveloped universe, where instruction for all is on top of the political docket as one of the millenary development ends ( MDG 2015 ) .A reappraisal of the literature turn toing the survey inquiriesWhat are the post-compulsory instruction programmes on offer in England?Career counsel and reding sing their post-16 patterned advance paths is made available to the pupils in their concluding twelvemonth of compulsory instruction through Connexions direct, a agency dedicated to the service and advice of immature people ( hypertext channelise protocol //www.connexions-direct.com/index.cfm? pid=351 ) . A timetable for the whole twelvemonth is made available to the pupils to help them in be aftering the events that will finally take to their determinations on which path they will take ( see appendix2 ) . After finishing their compulsory instruction, immature people can take to go on in full clip school or articulation college, do an apprenticeship or acquire bang-up into employment, sooner with preparation ( Dcsf ) . For those aged between 16 and 17 there is what is known as S eptember Guarantee which is an agreement that guarantees the pick of those interested to blockage in school or go on into college the September Guarantee agencies that they will decidedly be able to go on learningaEveryone between 16 and 17 due to go forth instruction is guaranteed an offer of a topographic point on an appropriate courseA and information, advice and counsel to assist weigh up their options. ( hypertext transfer protocol //www.direct.gov.uk/en/EducationAndLearning/14To19/OptionsAt16/DG_10013574 )Options runing from A degrees to work related makings are available for the post-16 patterned advance. Presently selected schools and colleges do offer the 14-19 twelvemonth old diploma ( ibid. ) which is one of the latest add-ons to the instruction reforms. Whichever path immature people choose to take the advice given to them is it pays to maintain acquisition as more and more, employers are looking for people with higher degree accomplishments and makings ( Dcsf ) . The authorities acknowledges that makings are non a warrant for occupations although it encourages immature people to take part in the available chances as they will stand a better opportunity for both their societal and economic prosperity in a competitory economic universe.What are the inhibiting factors faced by pupils in the procedure of post-16 patterned advance?Having seen the broad scope of chances available to immature people after their mandatory instruction with all the options and forego counsel available through Connexions Direct, this inquiry will now turn to ways in which the construction of the post-16 instruction system inhibits and bounds engagement in farther survey by some pupils.Whereas schools are meant to assist find the future engagement of pupils in post-16 instruction, Thomas ( 2001 ) var.ifies possible barriers to the system to include those ironically created by the compulsory instruction system. One of these classs is making and accomplishment and th e 2nd 1 is attitudes towards larning, page 73. Whereas pupils failure to accomplish a lower limit class has frequently been a cause for many lost chances to come on to post -16 instruction, it must be born in head that even where success is registered, it is most of import to cognize what impact the school has had on their perceptual experience as scholars. Whether acquisition was gratifying or excessively hard will be seen in the manner they respond to the post-16 chances. The attitude formed about school and acquisition contributes a great trade to the students self-efficacy ( Bandura1997 ) and formation of their self image.It is consequently in the involvement of the stakeholders within the instruction system, chiefly the instructors, pupils and their parents that the school environment provides the scholar with experiences that contribute to the image they have of themselves ( ibid ) . Pring et Al ( 2009 ) suggest that as surveies in educational attainment and societal mobili ty indicate, the function which schools play in altering lives can be limited in a sense that family background continues to be a major determiner ( Coffey, 200168, 69 ) , and that public presentation in schools is mostly influenced by the societal syndicate background. Sing societal category, Pring et Al ( 2009 ) had this to stateathe more disadvantaged the societal category background, the lower the degree of educational attainment that is likely to be achieveda Furthermore, immature people from less advantaged category backgrounds are less likely to take up chances available to them to come on through the educational system even where they are sufficiently adequate to do the progression Pring et Al ( 200932 )It is beyond the range of this survey to discourse the relationship between societal exclusion and response to post-16 educational programmes it can be stated harmonizing to earlier surveies that social category influences school accomplishment and this in portion impedes or enhances patterned advance into post-compulsory instruction ( Thomas,200174 )MethodologyCohen et Al, ( 2007 ) refer to methods as instruments of roll uping and construing informations ( page 83 ) whilst methodological analysis is the agencies which gives a descriptive attack and sort of paradigm to the survey ( page 47 ) . Educational research methods include interviews, questionnaires, and observations, among others. The determination as to which instrument is most suited for informations aggregation in this survey will depend chiefly on the methodology or the record of this research. The nature of this survey is both fact-finding and descriptive, that is it sets out to look into and depict chances and barriers presented by the procedure of patterned advance to the post-compulsory instruction system. As maintain by Best, ( 1970 ) , this research is concerned with conditions or relationships regulating 16 twelvemonth olds as they enter post-compulsory instruction stage. With this background hence this research worker will utilize the questionnaires to roll up and construe the positions of both pupils and their parents ongoing post-16 educational programmes available to them in the participating colleges. The survey will look at pupils as persons but the information collected will be interpreted in footings of the representative community.The study research methodThis method is most appropriate for this survey as it intends to find present educational conditions in a non-experimental manner, Hartas ( 2010 ) . The information will be collected in a non randomised manner by physical exertion of questionnaires to be completed at will by take parting pupils. The method will give textual informations sing chances, challenges and/or barriers that are present in the passage from the compulsory to post-compulsory instruction.The principle for usage of this method is dependent on the premise that the respondent s positions and sentiments agree with their action s and it is hope that they will resolution these inquiries truthfully. It is besides possible that non all respondents may be able to give their honest positions due to personal failings such as the usage of linguistic communication, or due to a deficiency of self-efficacy. Another premise asserted by Hartas ( 2010 ) is that the sample constitutes a homogeneous group of respondents with comparable instances where they all interpret the inquiries in similar ways without which the responses may non be dependable.Cohen, et Al ( 2007 ) assert that studies can take on the nature of either longitudinal, transverse sectioned or dip surveies. Longitudinal surveies are used to roll up informations over an drawn-out period of clip and are applicable to such surveies as relate do developing phenomena. Harmonizing to Ruspini, ( 200224 ) , they enable research workers to analyze the continuance of societal phenomena foregrounding similarities, differences and alterations over clip in regard of one or more variables or participants, place long term effects and explain alterations in footings of stable features such as sex or a variable whimsicality such as income, ( Cohen, et al 2007212 ) . Because this survey will be confined within a fixed and limited timeframe it renders this type of study out of the inquiry. On the other manus a Cross Sectional survey is one that produces a descriptive image of a population at a peculiar point in clip, as in the instance of carry oning a nose count. In instruction, cross sectional surveies involve indirect steps of the nature and rate of alterations in the physical and rational development of samples of kids drawn from representative age degrees. Harmonizing to Cohen, et Al, ( 2007213 ) , the individual snapshot or the representative image of the cross sectional survey provides the research worker with informations for either retrospective or prospective question.The 3rd type of study, the Trend survey , focuses on factors instea d than people, where these factors are canvass within a specific timeframe ( Borg & A Gall 1989422 ) . This survey peculiar will take on a Trend Study nature of an interrogation where two sets of 10 pupils each will be interviewed from two different farther instruction colleges to function as a representative sample for intents of this survey. sideline is a description of the educational methods which will be used efficaciously in the aggregation of informations for intents of this research.QuestionnairesUsing the written questionnaire, the pupils will be approached in a more or less personal manner as it works as a replacement for the personal interviews ( Cohen and Manion, 1998 ) . In add-on to turn toing the survey inquiries, these questionnaires will besides be used to roll up informations on issues that are of concern to pupils in the current system of instruction, and solicit for any suggestions they might tender to be included in the recommendations ensuing from the surv ey. Sing its efficiency for this nature of informations aggregation, Borg & A Gall, ( 1989 426 ) asserts that this method is really instrumental when the research worker needs to chop-chop and easy acquire tonss of information from people in a non baleful manner, hence the determination for it to be used in this survey.Policy Documentary ReviewPolicy Documentary Review as a research method is done by analyzing and reexamining policies and their application. Using this method the research worker will analyze some of the paperss produced by consort committees assigned with the duty to reform instruction of 14-19 twelvemonth olds. Documents to be reviewed in this survey will include the Tomlinson study and the Nuffield committee study, which were made as recommendations to the authorities s section of instruction ( DCSF ) in the old government.How the textual information will be analysedHow the information is traveling to be analysedRationale for the Selection of Participating Colle gesPopulation harmonizing to Hartas, ( 201067 ) is a group of persons or administrations that portion the same feature that is of involvement to a survey, in this instance the pupils in the procedure of post-16 patterned advance throughout England. Such a figure will evidently be inexplicable in a survey of this size nevertheless, a representative sample in this instance as defined by Hartas ( 2010 ) will be the pupils selected from the two colleges of farther instruction within Berkshire. The procedure of choosing this sample is really of import as it is pertinent to the cogency of this research, and it will be explored further in the chapter on methodological analysis. Nevertheless the cardinal factors that need to be mentioned here include what public opinion will be based on viz. , the sample size, representativeness of the parametric quantities of the sample, handiness to the sample and the trying scheme to be used ( Cohen, et Al. 2007100 ) .BibliographyBell, J ( 2006 ) Makin g Your Research Undertaking A Guide for first clip research workers in instruction, wellness and societal scientific discipline 4th vertical dysfunction. .Maidenhead Open University PressBorg, W.R. & A Gall. M D. ( 1989 ) Educational Research An Introduction 5th. Ed. London LongmanBlaikie, N. ( 2000 ) . Planing societal Research The logic of expectancy. Cambridge A Polity PressBryman, A. ( 2008 ) Social Research Methods, 3rd. erectile dysfunction. Oxford Oxford University PressCoffey, A ( 2001 ) Education and Social Change Buckingham The Open University PressCorbetta, P. ( 2003 ) SOCILA RESEARCH theory, Methods and Techniques. London judicious PublicationsCohen, L. & A Manion, L. ( 2007 ) Research Methods in Education 6th erectile dysfunction. London Routledge.Creswell, J.W. ( 2008 ) Educational Research Planning Conducting, and Evaluating numeric and qualitative Research.3rd.ed. Pearson Education InternationalCreswell, J.W. ( 2009 ) Research Design Qualitative, Quantitative , and Mixed Methods Approaches. Los Angeles Sage Publications.Cropley, A. J. ( 1978 ) Lifelong Education a psychological analysis Oxford Pergamon Press.Dcsf ( 2009 ) hypertext transfer protocol //www.direct.gov.uk/en/EducationAndLearning/14To19/OptionsAt16/DG_10013574Department for Education and Skills ( DfES ) ( 2002 ) Transforming youth work Resourcing excellent young person services. London DfES / Connexions.Dewey, John, ( 1997 ) Democracy and Education An Introduction to the Doctrine of Education. New York the Free Press.Flude, M. ( 1989 ) , School, work and equality a reader. London Hodder and Stoughton in association with the Open University.Fraenkel, J.R. & A Wallen, N.E. ( 2006 ) How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education 6th. Ed. London McGrawHillGeertz, ( 1973 ) The reading of Cultures, New York Basic Books.Gerwitz, S & A Cribb, A. ( 2009 ) Understanding instruction a sociological position Cambridge A Polity PressGraham-Brown, S. ( 1996 ) Education in the Develop ing World Conflict and crisis. London LongmanHartas, D. ( 2010 ) Educational Research and Inquiry Qualitative and Quantitative attacks. London ContinuumHodgson, A. et Al ( 2009 ) Education for All The Future of Education and educational activity for the 14-16 twelvemonth olds. London RoutledgeLeonor, M. D. ( 1985 ) Unemployment, Schooling, and Training in Developing Countries London CROOM HELMLichtman, M. ( 2006 ) Qualitative Research A User s Guide. London Sage Publications.Liz, T ( 2001 ) Widening engagement in Post-Compulsory Education London Continuum.Pring, R et Al ( 2009 ) Education for all The Future of Education and Training for 14-19 twelvemonth olds London Routledge.Pring, R ( 2009 ) The demand to develop a deeper national argument Nuffield Review 14-19 Education and Training workshop, England and Wales, accessed from hypertext transfer protocol //www.philosophy-of-education.org/pdfs/Saturday/Pring % 20workshop.pdfThe Tomlinson Report 14-19 Curriculum and Qualificatio ns Reform, accessed from hypertext transfer protocol //www.heacademy.ac.uk/assets/ps/documents/briefing_papers/ps0007_the_tomlinson_report_14_19_curriculum_and_qualifications_reform_feb_2005.pdfThomas, L. ( 2001 ) Widening Engagement in Post Compulsory Education London ContinuumTight, M. ( 1996 ) bring out CONCEPTS IN ADULT EDUCATION AND TRAINING London Routledge.Tomlinson, M ( 2004 ) 14-19 Curriculum and Qualifications Reform a concluding Report of the Working Group on 14-19 Reform, October 2004 , www.14-19 reform.gov.uk, accessed from hypertext transfer protocol //www.dcsf.gov.uk/14-19/documents/Final % 20Report.pdfWalford, G. ( 1987 ) DOING SOCIOLOGY OF EDUCATION London The Falmer PressWatson, K. ( 1983 ) Youth Education and Employment International Perspectives. London CROOM HELM

And Then God Created Teachers

And Then God Created Teachers If a doctor makes a mis impart a life is in danger, if an engineer makes a mistake a duad/building is in danger but if a teacher makes a mistake the whole society is in danger. Anonymous When a teacher was being created the God had to work overtime. He was amazed at the kind of values and qualities which were required in the reservation. He sent his special envoys to find a somebody who has solely the ingredients which were required to make a genuine teacher. He provided a long list of values and qualities to them.The list included Patience, Compassion, Confidence, Mentorship, Vision, Maturity, Selfless service, Discipline, Punctuality, humility, leadership, knowledge, self motivation etc. The envoys went all over the universe and met many people but could hardly find person with all the ingredients. They observed that the qualities required for a nigh teacher were becoming extinct and had almost vanished from the society. Then they tried to find if some of them wanted to become a teacher and have some of the qualities so that the other qualities hind end be perpetuated or inculcated. The envoys were shocked to know that no one wanted to become a teacher.Everyone wanted to pursue a vocation in Medicine, Engineering and all the other possible avenues in the universe except Teaching. They came back and reported the matter to God Almighty. He was puzzled by the idea of having a society without a teacher. Without teachers it was difficult for him to foresee the existence of mankind on earth. He was worried about the future of mankind without the Doctors, Engineers, businessmen and politicians as all of them needed a teacher for their existence. Finally He decided to create special people (teachers) with all the ingredients required in the making of a good teacher.It was an uphill task but for the welfare of the society and future of mankind in particular He went on with the project of creating good teachers. It took a long ti me to create a good teacher. He created few of them and sent them to the earth as His special envoys to nurture humans who can take up the profession of their choice. Their reward was not the materialistic things but the satisfaction which they derive when they saw their students growing into Doctors, Engineers, Businessmen and taking up other professions of their choice.Thus good teachers are the special people sent to earth by the God Almighty and are rare to find. As it is rightly said in the following Doha/Shloka Guru Govind dou khade, kaake laagoon paye Balihari guru aapne, Govind diyo milaye. Gurur Brahma Gurur Vishnu, Gurur Devo Mahesh Varah. Guru Shakshat Para Brahma, Tasmai Shri Guruve Namah. The Doha/Shloka written above will remain mere words to be chanted on the occasion of Teachers Day until and unless we realize the importance of teachers.The fact that today there is shortage of 13 lakh teachers in India reminds us of the lack of willingness and motivation among the youth to take up teaching as a profession. The only reason I see is that teaching is not considered a lucrative job in our country. As long as money is the main motivating factor it is not possible to motivate youth of today to take up a noble profession like teaching. Still we have time to wake up and do something about the situation otherwise all the lucrative jobs would become unachievable without the teachers. -Dedicated to all the teachers involved in the noble profession of Teaching SHALABH NIGAM

British Colonization to India

The first European power to arrive in India was the army of Alexander the Great in 327-326 BC. The satraps he established in the northwest quickly crumbled after he left. Later, commercial trade was carried between Indian states and the Roman Empire by Greco-Roman sailors that reached India by sailing on the Red and Arabian Seas. ?The Portuguese sailor, Vasco da Gama, was the first European to arrive in India solely by navigating the sea, at the end of the fifteenth century.Having arrived in Calicut, which by then was one of the major trading ports of the eastern world, he obtained permission by Manavikraman Raja to trade in the city from Saamoothiri Rajah. (http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/British_Empire). British empire has been in India since the early 1600s, when the East India Company started trading and British missionaries first began their efforts. A large number of Christian schools providing side education were establish up trough out India by the early 1800s. The process of producing English-speaking natives in India began with the Minute of 1835, which ordainedly endorsed T. B.Macaulays goal of forming a class who may be interpreters between us and the millions whom we govern a class of persons, Indians in blood and colour, but English in taste, in opinion, in morals and in apprehension (quoted in Kachru 1983, p. 22). English became the official and academic language of India by the early twentieth century. Direct administration by the British, which began in 1858, effected a policy-making and economic unification of the subcontinent. The rising of the nationalist movement in the 1920s brought some anti-English sentiment with it even though the movement itself used English as its medium.Once independency was gained and the English were gone, the perception of English as having an alien power base changed however, the controversy about English has continued to this day. Kachru notes that English now has national and external functions that are bot h distinct and complementary. English has thus acquired a new power base and a new elitism (Kachru 1986, p. 12). Only about trio percentage of Indias population speak English, but they are the individuals who lead Indias economic, industrial, professional, political, and social life.Even though English is primarily a second language for these persons, it is the medium in which a great number of the interactions in the above domains are carried out. Having such important information moving in English conduits is often not appreciated by Indians who do not speak it, but they are relatively powerless to change that. Its inertia is such that it cannot be easily given up. This is particularly certain in South India, where English serves as a universal language in the way that Hindi does in the North. Despite being a three percent minority, the English speaking population in India is quite large.With Indias massive population, that three percent puts India among the top four countries in the world with the highest number of English speakers. English confers many advantages to the influential people who speak it which has allowed it to retain its prominence despite the strong opposition to English which rises periodically. When British rule came to an end in 1947, the subcontinent was partitioned along religious lines into two separate countriesIndia, with a majority of Hindus, and Pakistan, with a majority of Muslims the eastern portion of Pakistan later split off to form Bangladesh.Many British institutions stayed in place (such as the parliamentary system of government) English continued to be a widely used lingua franca and India remained within the Commonwealth. Hindi became the official language (and a number of other local languages achieved official status), while a vibrant English-language intelligentsia thrived.

Angels Demons Chapter 51-54

51BBC reporter Gunther Glick stared at the cell phone in his hand for ten seconds onward he finally hung up.Chinita Macri studied him from the masking of the van. What happened? Who was that?Glick off, feeling equal a child who had just received a Christmas gift he feared was non really for him. I just got a tip. Somethings going on inside the Vatican.Its called conclave, Chinita said. Helluva tip.No, something else. Something big. He wondered if the story the telephoner had just told him could possibly be true. Glick felt ashamed when he cognize he was praying it was. What if I told you four cardinals stand been kidnapped and are going to be murdered at different churches tonight.Id say youre being hazed by someone at the office with a sick sense of humor.What if I told you we were going to be given the exact location of the first murder?Id want to know who the funny house you just talked to.He didnt say.Perhaps because hes full of shit?Glick had come to expect Macris cynic ism, but what she was forgetting was that liars and lunatics had been Glicks business for almost a decade at the British Tattler. This caller had been neither. This man had been coldly sane. Logical. I will call you just forwards eight, the man had said, and tell you where the first killing will occur. The images you record will pull ahead you historied. When Glick had demanded why the caller was giving him this information, the answer had been as icy as the mans Mideastern vehemence. The media is the right arm of anarchy.He told me something else too, Glick said.What? That Elvis Presley was just elected Pope?telephone dial into the BBC database, will you? Glicks adrena declination was pumping now. I want to see what other stories weve run on these guys.What guys?Indulge me.Macri sighed and pulled up the connection to the BBC database. Thisll take a minute.Glicks mind was swimming. The caller was very intent to know if I had a cameraman.Videographer.And if we could transmit live. One point five three s all the same megahertz. What is this about? The database beeped. Okay, were in. Who is it youre looking for?Glick gave her the keyword.Macri turned and stared. I sure as hell hope youre kidding.52The internal organization of Archival Vault 10 was not as intuitive as Langdon had hoped, and the Diagramma hologram did not appear to be located with other similar Galilean publications. Without access to the computerized Biblion and a reference locator, Langdon and Vittoria were stuck.Youre sure Diagramma is in here? Vittoria asked.Positive. Its a affirm listing in both the Uficcio della Propaganda delle Fede Fine. As long as youre sure. She headed left, while he went right.Langdon began his manual search. He needed every bit of self-restraint not to stop and read every treasure he passed. The collection was staggering. The Assayer The Starry Messenger The Sunspot Letters Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina Apologia pro Galileo On and on.It was Vittoria who fin ally struck gold near the linchpin of the vault. Her throaty voice called out, Diagramma della VeritaLangdon dashed by means of the crimson haze to join her. Where?Vittoria pointed, and Langdon immediately realized why they had not found it earlier. The manuscript was in a pagination bin, not on the shelves. Folio bins were a common means of storing unbound scalawags. The label on the front of the container left no doubt about the contents.Diagramma Della Verita Galileo Galilei, 1639Langdon dropped to his knees, his heart pounding. Diagramma. He gave her a grin. Nice work. Help me pull out this bin.Vittoria knelt beside him, and they heaved. The metal tray on which the bin was sitting rolled toward them on castors, revealing the top of the container.No lock? Vittoria said, sounding surprised at the simple latch.Never. Documents sometimes need to be evacuated quickly. Floods and fires.So open it.Langdon didnt need either encouragement. With his academic lifes dream right in fron t of him and the thin air in the chamber, he was in no sense of humor to dawdle. He unsnapped the latch and lifted the lid. Inside, flat on the floor of the bin, typeset a black, duck-cloth sac. The cloths breathability was critical to the preservation of its contents. Reaching in with both hands and memory the pouch horizontal, Langdon lifted it out of the bin.I expected a treasure chest, Vittoria said. Looks more like a pillowcase.Follow me, he said. Holding the bag onward him like a religious offering, Langdon walked to the center of the vault where he found the customary glass-topped archival exam table. Although the central location was int residuumed to minimize in-vault give out of documents, researchers appreciated the privacy the surrounding stacks afforded. Career-making discoveries were uncovered in the top vaults of the world, and most academics did not like rivals peering through the glass as they worked.Langdon lay the pouch on the table and unbuttoned the openi ng. Vittoria stood by. Rummaging through a tray of archivist dickheads, Langdon found the felt-pad pincers archivists called finger cymbals oversized tweezers with flattened disks on each arm. As his excitement mounted, Langdon feared at any moment he might awake back in Cambridge with a slew of test papers to grade. Inhaling deeply, he opened the bag. Fingers trembling in their cotton fiber gloves, he reached in with his tongs.Relax, Vittoria said. Its paper, not plutonium.Langdon slid the tongs around the stack of documents inside and was careful to apply charge pressure. Then, rather than pulling out the documents, he held them in place while he slid off the bag an archivists procedure for minimizing torque on the artifact. non until the bag was removed and Langdon had turned on the exam dark sort out follow outstairs the table did he begin breathing again.Vittoria looked like a specter now, lit from below by the lamp beneath the glass. Small sheets, she said, her voice reverent.Langdon nodded. The stack of folios forrader them looked like loose pages from a small paperback novel. Langdon could see that the top sheet was an ornate pen and ink cover sheet with the title, the date, and Galileos name in his own hand.In that instant, Langdon forgot the cramped quarters, forgot his exhaustion, forgot the horrifying situation that had brought him here. He simply stared in wonder. Close encounters with history always left Langdon numbed with reverence like eyesight the brushstrokes on the Mona Lisa.The muted, yellow papyrus left no doubt in Langdons mind as to its age and authenticity, but excluding the inevitable fading, the document was in brilliant condition. Slight bleaching of the pigment. Minor sundering and cohesion of the papyrus. But all in all in damn fine condition. He studied the ornate hand etch of the cover, his vision blurring in the lack of humidity. Vittoria was silent.Hand me a spatula, please. Langdon motioned beside Vittoria to a t ray filled with stainless-steel archival tools. She handed it to him. Langdon took the tool in his hand. It was a good one. He ran his fingers crossways the face to remove any static charge and then, ever so carefully, slid the blade beneath the cover. Then, lifting the spatula, he turned over the cover sheet.The first page was compose in longhand, the tiny, stylized calligraphy almost impossible to read. Langdon immediately noticed that there were no diagrams or summates on the page. It was an essay.Heliocentricity, Vittoria said, translating the heading on folio one. She scanned the text. Looks like Galileo renouncing the geocentric model once and for all. Ancient Italian, though, so no promises on the translation.Forget it, Langdon said. Were looking for math. The pure actors line. He used the spatula tool to flip the next page. Another essay. No math or diagrams. Langdons hands began to sweat inside his gloves.Movement of the Planets, Vittoria said, translating the title.Lan gdon frowned. On any other day, he would corroborate been fascinated to read it incredibly NASAs current model of planetary orbits, observed through high-powered telescopes, was supposedly almost identical to Galileos original predictions.No math, Vittoria said. Hes public lecture about retrograde motions and elliptical orbits or something.Elliptical orbits. Langdon recalled that much of Galileos legal trouble had begun when he described planetary motion as elliptical. The Vatican exalted the nonesuch of the circle and insisted heavenly motion must be only circular. Galileos Illuminati, however, saw perfection in the ellipse as well, revering the mathematical duality of its twin foci. The Illuminatis ellipse was prominent even today in modern Masonic tracing boards and footing inlays.Next, Vittoria said.Langdon flipped.Lunar phases and tidal motion, she said. No numbers. No diagrams.Langdon flipped again. Nothing. He kept flipping through a dozen or so pages. Nothing. Nothing. Nothing.I thought this guy was a mathematician, Vittoria said. This is all text.Langdon felt the air in his lungs beginning to thin. His hopes were thinning too. The pile was waning.Nothing here, Vittoria said. No math. A few dates, a few standard figures, but nothing that looks like it could be a clue.Langdon flipped over the last folio and sighed. It, too, was an essay.Short book, Vittoria said, frowning.Langdon nodded.Merda, as we say in Rome.Shit is right, Langdon thought. His reflection in the glass seemed mocking, like the image staring back at him this morning from his mouth window. An aging ghost. on that points got to be something, he said, the hoarse desperation in his voice surprising him. The segno is here somewhere. I know itMaybe you were wrong about DIII?Langdon turned and stared at her.Okay, she agreed, DIII makes perfect sense. But maybe the clue isnt mathematical?Lingua pura. What else would it be?Art?Except there are no diagrams or pictures in the book.All I kno w is that lingua pura refers to something other than Italian. Math just seems logical. I agree.Langdon refused to accept defeat so quickly. The numbers must be written longhand. The math must be in words rather than equations.Itll take some time to read all the pages.Times something we dont have. Well have to split the work. Langdon flipped the stack back over to the beginning. I know enough Italian to spot numbers. Using his spatula, he cut the stack like a deck of cards and lay the first half-dozen pages in front of Vittoria. Its in here somewhere. Im sure.Vittoria reached down and flipped her first page by hand.Spatula Langdon said, grabbing her an extra tool from the tray. Use the spatula.Im wearing gloves, she grumbled. How much reproach could I cause?Just use it.Vittoria picked up the spatula. You feeling what Im feeling?Tense?No. Short of breath.Langdon was definitely starting to feel it too. The air was thinning faster than he had imagined. He knew they had to hurry. Archiv al conundrums were nothing new for him, but usually he had more than a few minutes to work them out. Without another(prenominal) word, Langdon bowed his head and began translating the first page in his stack.Show yourself, damn it Show yourself53Somewhere beneath Rome the dark figure prowled down a stone ramp into the underground tunnel. The ancient passageway was lit only by torches, making the air hot and thick. Up ahead the panic-stricken voices of grown men called out in vain, echoing in the cramped spaces.As he rounded the corner he saw them, exactly as he had left them four old men, terrified, sealed behind rusted iron bars in a stone cubicle.Qui etes-vous? one of the men demanded in French. What do you want with us?Hilfe another said in German. Let us goAre you aware who we are? one asked in English, his accent Spanish.Silence, the raspy voice commanded. There was a finality about the word.The fourth prisoner, an Italian, quiet and thoughtful, looked into the inky void of h is captors eyes and swore he saw hell itself. graven image help us, he thought.The killer checked his watch and then returned his gaze to the prisoners. Now then, he said. Who will be first?54Inside file Vault 10 Robert Langdon recited Italian numbers as he scanned the calligraphy before him. Mille centi uno, duo, tre cincuanta. I need a numerical reference Anything, damnitWhen he reached the end of his current folio, he lifted the spatula to flip the page. As he aligned the blade with the next page, he fumbled, having difficulty holding the tool steady. Minutes later, he looked down and realized he had abandoned his spatula and was turning pages by hand. Oops, he thought, feeling vaguely criminal. The lack of oxygen was affecting his inhibitions. Looks like Ill burn in archivists hell.About damn time, Vittoria choked when she saw Langdon turning pages by hand. She dropped her spatula and followed suit.Any luck?Vittoria shook her head. Nothing that looks purely mathematical. Im sk imming but none of this reads like a clue.Langdon continued translating his folios with increasing difficulty. His Italian skills were rocky at best, and the tiny penmanship and archaic language was making it slow going. Vittoria reached the end of her stack before Langdon and looked disheartened as she flipped the pages back over. She hunkered down for another more intense inspection.When Langdon finished his final page, he cursed under his breath and looked over at Vittoria. She was scowling, squinting at something on one of her folios. What is it? he asked.Vittoria did not look up. Did you have any footnotes on your pages?Not that I noticed. Why?This page has a footnote. Its obscured in a crease.Langdon tried to see what she was looking at, but all he could make out was the page number in the upper right-hand(a) corner of the sheet. Folio 5. It took a moment for the coincidence to register, and even when it did the connection seemed vague. Folio 5. Five, Pythagoras, pentagrams, Illuminati. Langdon wondered if the Illuminati would have chosen page five on which to hide their clue. through with(predicate) the reddish fog surrounding them, Langdon sensed a tiny ray of hope. Is the footnote mathematical?Vittoria shook her head. Text. One line. Very small printing. Almost illegible.His hopes faded. Its supposed to be math. Lingua pura.Yeah, I know. She hesitated. I think youll want to hear this, though. Langdon sensed excitement in her voice.Go ahead.Squinting at the folio, Vittoria read the line. The highway of light is laid, the sacred test.The words were nothing like what Langdon had imagined. Im sorry?Vittoria repeated the line. The path of light is laid, the sacred test. way of life of light? Langdon felt his posture straightening.Thats what it says. Path of light.As the words sank in, Langdon felt his delirium pierced by an instant of clarity. The path of light is laid, the sacred test. He had no idea how it helped them, but the line was as direct a re ference to the Path of Illumination as he could imagine. Path of light. Sacred test. His head felt like an engine revving on bad fuel. Are you sure of the translation?Vittoria hesitated. Actually She glanced over at him with a strange look. Its not technically a translation. The line is written in English.For an instant, Langdon thought the acoustics in the chamber had affected his hearing. English?Vittoria pushed the document over to him, and Langdon read the minuscule printing at the bottom of the page. The path of light is laid, the sacred test. English? What is English doing in an Italian book?Vittoria shrugged. She too was looking tipsy. Maybe English is what they meant by the lingua pura? Its considered the international language of science. Its all we babble out at CERN.But this was in the 1600s, Langdon argued. Nobody spoke English in Italy, not even He stopped short, realizing what he was about to say. Not even the clergy. Langdons academic mind hummed in high gear. In t he 1600s, he said, talking faster now, English was one language the Vatican had not yet embraced. They dealt in Italian, Latin, German, even Spanish and French, but English was totally foreign inside the Vatican. They considered English a polluted, free-thinkers language for profane men like Chaucer and Shakespeare. Langdon flashed suddenly on the Illuminati brands of Earth, Air, Fire, Water. The fabrication that the brands were in English now made a bizarre kind of sense.So youre saying maybe Galileo considered English la lingua pura because it was the one language the Vatican did not control?Yes. Or maybe by putting the clue in English, Galileo was subtly restricting the readership away from the Vatican.But its not even a clue, Vittoria argued. The path of light is laid, the sacred test? What the hell does that mean?Shes right, Langdon thought. The line didnt help in any way. But as he spoke the give voice again in his mind, a strange fact hit him. Now thats odd, he thought. Wha t are the chances of that?We need to get out of here, Vittoria said, sounding hoarse.Langdon wasnt listening. The path of light is laid, the sacred test. Its a damn line of iambic penta thousand, he said suddenly, counting the syllables again. Five couplets of alternating stressed and unstressed syllables.Vittoria looked lost. Iambic who?For an instant Langdon was back at Phillips Exeter Academy sitting in a Saturday morning English class. Hell on earth. The school baseball star, Peter Greer, was having trouble remembering the number of couplets necessary for a line of Shakespearean iambic pentameter. Their professor, an animated schoolmaster named Bissell, leapt onto the table and bellowed, Penta-meter, Greer Think of home plate A penta-gon Five sides Penta Penta Penta JeeeeshFive couplets, Langdon thought. individually couplet, by definition, having two syllables. He could not believe in his entire career he had never made the connection. Iambic pentameter was a symmetrical meter based on the sacred Illuminati numbers of 5 and 2Youre reaching Langdon told himself, trying to push it from his mind. A meaningless coincidence But the thought stuck. Five for Pythagoras and the pentagram. Two for the duality of all things.A moment later, another realization sent a numbing sensation down his legs. Iambic pentameter, on business relationship of its simplicity, was often called pure verse or pure meter. La lingua pura? Could this have been the pure language the Illuminati had been referring to? The path of light is laid, the sacred testUh oh, Vittoria said.Langdon go around to see her rotating the folio upside down. He felt a knot in his gut. Not again. Theres no way that line is an ambigramNo, its not an ambigram but its She kept turning the document, 90 degrees at every turn.Its what?Vittoria looked up. Its not the only line.Theres another?Theres a different line on every margin. Top, bottom, left, and right. I think its a poem.Four lines? Langdon bristled with excitement. Galileo was a poet? Let me seeVittoria did not relinquish the page. She kept turning the page in quarter turns. I didnt see the lines before because theyre on the edges. She cocked her head over the last line. Huh. You know what? Galileo didnt even write this.WhatThe poem is signed John Milton.John Milton? The influential English poet who wrote Paradise incapacitated was a contemporary of Galileos and a savant who conspiracy buffs put at the top of their list of Illuminati suspects. Miltons alleged affiliation with Galileos Illuminati was one legend Langdon suspected was true. Not only had Milton made a well-documented 1638 pilgrimage to Rome to commune with enlightened men, but he had held meetings with Galileo during the scientists house arrest, meetings portrayed in many Renaissance paintings, including Annibale Gattis famous Galileo and Milton, which hung even now in the IMSS Museum in Florence.Milton knew Galileo, didnt he? Vittoria said, finally pushing the folio over to Langdon. Maybe he wrote the poem as a party favour?Langdon clenched his teeth as he took the sheathed document. Leaving it flat on the table, he read the line at the top. Then he revolve the page 90 degrees, reading the line in the right margin. Another twist, and he read the bottom. Another twist, the left. A final twist completed the circle. There were four lines in all. The first line Vittoria had found was actually the third line of the poem. Utterly agape, he read the four lines again, clockwise in instalment top, right, bottom, left. When he was done, he exhaled. There was no doubt in his mind. You found it, Ms. Vetra.She smiled tightly. Good, now can we get the hell out of here?I have to copy these lines down. I need to find a pencil and paper.Vittoria shook her head. Forget it, professor. No time to play scribe. Mickeys ticking. She took the page from him and headed for the door.Langdon stood up. You cant take that outside Its a But Vittoria was already gone.

And Sun Also Rises Essay

This paper discusses Ernest Heming focusings young And Sun Also Rises (1926) and takes an in-depth analysis of the development of the female timbre Lady Brett Ashley in trying to come up with better understanding of the characters role in the novel. Hemingways And Sun Also Rises is widely regarded as Hemingways best novel. It became the overnight Bible of the postwar generation. (Barrett, 724) The novel revolves the theme of damage done to Hemingways generation by the violence of World War I. altogether the main characters of the novel are to certain extent scarred by war. Some of them suffer physical injuries like Jake or Count Mippipopolous and others bear the mental trauma of deep in thought(p) generation (the phrase belonged to Hemingways friend Gertrude Stein and became the novels first epigraph). Among those psychologic solelyy deteriorated individuals Lady Brett Ashley is a controversial character that evokes different readers and critics reaction. This paper explores the path by which Lady Ashleys character develops through the novel.With the first meeting with Brett Ashley her individual female sexual appeal and stupendous general attractiveness is revealed. From the beginning of the book, men find her irresistible. When Jake, as narrator, first introduces Brett, he says, Brett was damned good-looking. She wore a slipover jersey sweater and a gabardine skirt, and her hair was brushed back like a boys. She started all that. She was built with curves like the hull of a racing yacht, and you missed none of it with that woollen jersey (Hemingway, 22).Robert Cohn, too, is immediately captivated by Brett, and a short time later, he says, Shes a remarkably attractive woman (Hemingway, 38). She is a ironlike and independent woman and probably these are the features that attract men more than her physical beauty. Her real tool is her charisma that strikes the men around her. Every strong male character in the novel, at one time or another, comments on B retts female attractiveness. When he is introduced to Brett, Bill Gorton says, Beautiful lady (Hemingway, 74) microphone Campbell says, Brett, you are a lovely piece.Dont you think shes beautiful? (Hemingway, 79) These compliments are like a refrain that is reiterated through the recess of the novel. Despite the abounding attention on mens side Brett rejects to become committed to a single man, at least physically. Neither the profuseness of attention nor her independence makes Brett a happy woman. Having first appeared as a careless free woman Brett Ashley turns out to be an unhappy and miserable brute just the same as all those who lived through the war.Brett is often described in the literary criticism as sexually promiscuous, or even a nymphomaniac, which seems extreme given that in the course of the story she has sexual relationships with, at most, three men her fiancee, Mike Campbell Robert Cohn and Pedro Romero. Some critics, like Edmund Wilson, assess Bretts share as b itch-like Wilson interprets Brett Ashley as an exclusively destructive force (p. 238). This interpretation, plausibly, is directly related rely to Bretts own assertion that she makes to Jake after she leaves Romero You know it makes one get hold rather good deciding not to be a bitch (Hemingway, 245).Nonetheless it is difficult to agree with such interpretation of Bretts character. First of all it is known that she is one of the lost generation, the people whose youth fell on the post-war period when the relationships and responsibilities were loose and disordered, and so Bretts behavior merely reflects this time. Furthermore, though Brett never stayed with any man longer than she wanted, she never displayed cruelty in attitude toward men, so she could not destruct them to any degree. And the most important issue which explains Bretts character is again related to the time of the novel.Brett Ashley belongs to those people whose thoughts are confused being affected by the war. So w hile looking for her way in sprightliness she fails in finding the lull for her psychological disturbances therefore continues her self-abusive conduct. Brett can be profoundly careless of the feelings of others. She scatters cigarette ashes on Jakes rugs, and when Romero gives her a bulls severed ear after a successful bullfight, she leaves the gift behind, stuffed in a hotel drawer. Cohn calls her a sadist when she is unmoved by the plight of the horses gored in the bullring.Certainly she uses Jake heartlessly at times, expecting him to introduce her to a man she desires, put up with her affairs, remain steadfast in his devotion to her, and faithfully run to her surrender on short notice when she finds herself at loose ends in another country. Yet she is also deeply unhappy and emotionally fragile. Viewed more sympathetically, she can be seen as a self-destructive woman, traumatized by the ugly and unromantic loss of her first love to dysentery in the war Brett hurts no one in th e novel as severely as she hurts herself.Her nymphomania, her alcoholism, her constant fits of depression, and her obsession with bathing are all symptoms of an individual engaged in a consistent pattern of self-abuse (Whitlow, 56). All in her misery she often complains to Jake, her lonesome(prenominal) true friend, about her aimless existence and unsatisfying life. Her vagrancy from relationship to relationship is assimilated with Jake and company roaming around bars. As the novel unfolds one observes how Lady Ashley transforms from the self-confident independent woman into one who seems extremely awkward being by herself.That is why she is searching for the shelter in more or less stable though platonic relations with Jake. As with the other characters, World War I obviously played the determinant role in the formation Brett Ashleys character. Having lost her true love during the war she elaborated the pattern of random relations, especially with regard to men. Her skepticism an d lost faith in search for true love symbolizes the search of the whole lost generation for their decayed values. Unable to find support in the handed-down convictions that imposed certain meaning to her life Brett feels morally lost.Having lost belief in anything Brett together with her friends is trying to escape the reality and fill her empty life with careless wandering from bar to bar, living night life, drinking and entertaining, doing everything that fits into the notion escapist activity. The character of Lady Brett Ashley is developing through the novel from the initial revenue stamp of careless but happy woman into the typical representative of post-war generation with aimless way in life. Parties, free love and other kinds of merry-making are only the futile distraction for concealing the sorrow and insecurity that filled her soul.

Blank immigration notes

Industrial Revolution Effect replace cheaply unhygienic living conditions, Their standard way of life was one of slow starvation. race increased on the rise. More people competed for fewer resources, land. Food, Jobs Political & Religious Persecution Eastern Europe Jews could not move beyond the Pale Stripped of their licit rights, (1/3 of Europe. Pop) The Lure of Life in America Newspaper articles & letters painted USA as a Lollipops on every corner American businesses 1 OFF Gold on the sidewalk, and Why? Hardships Used all of their savings (Getting from interior lands to coastal port cities was The Journey Across the Atlantic Steamship Accommodations 8-14 days steel hull ships First & second class was unaffordable for MOST immigrants no windows, no ventilation, cramped On Average Living Conditions in Steerage Uncomfortable at best, inhumane at worst No sunlight, no fresh air, smell unbearable Contagious diseases ( Cabin Class Replaced guidance after it was removed This is w here 1st and 2nd class were accommodated We Have Arrived Arriving in America 75% of all immigrants Passengers crowded the decks to see their new homeSkyscrapers to the northeast, to the west. close memorable moment, immigrants seeing Lady Liberty l Looked with wonder on this miraculous land of our dreams. Who can quote the plaque at the base of the Statue of Liberty? go along your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, the wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed to me. I lift my lamp beside the golden door. After Just breathing out the Statue of Liberty, lay the , legal and medical inspections 1st & 2nd Class Inspections 1st & 2nd Class passengers simply prepared forArriving at Ellis Island and entered the USA Steerage passengers Most passengers boarded crowded barges Separated into Hope, fear, excitement, uncertainty On the whole, it was an policy Weed out weak and mentally defective exam and then a more thor ough exam Escorted to holding rooms for additional examinations shoulder with chalk for heart problems for hernia for lameness for mental difficult , looking for and Mark your right Upon bound of medical inspections, the Legal Inspections The Registry Hall After medical inspection, immigrants faced a iron railings was next in tight lines shaped by married person answers from ship manifest with face-to-face answers Name Change? Schoolbooks = Smith The Final inspection Lasted only Asked to confirm answers from manifest If immigrants passed all the inspections They were free to go heathen Enclaves Leaving Ellis Island After approval, immigrants sought the next step of their Journey. After arriving in US, New York City, Chicago, Boston, Philadelphia By 1920, 75% of foreign-born residents lived in cities Settled in or ethnic neighborhoods Living Conditions City Tenement Buildings Cities ill-equipped to handle massiveStreets filled with waste due to inadequate sewage systems , r un-down, low-rent apartments clustered together in poorest areas of cities virtually examples from a city worker in New York City Building with People 3 room apartment people Perils of Tenement Living Toilets in yards coal stove for heat One social worker could not locate a single bathtub in more than three city blocks in tenement housing 40% of immigrants developed Rural Living Conditions 60% of immigrant (HIGH MIR) Some settled in California, Midwest, Florida Relatively Midwest Blizzards, , dust storms workings Conditions The Immigrant Workforce Mostly American industries were growing rapidly Desperate, wanting leave agricultural Jobs in Europe Worker exploitation, intolerable working conditions work hours per hebdomad Dangerous, unsanitary, uncomfortable Improved Standard of Living? Despite horrible conditions, most were better off than they were in Europe $ per year in Europe, in US for farm laborers.Americas Treatment of Immigrants American Natives Native-born Americans view ed new immigrants with fear, hostility, suspicion belief was based on new immigrants posing a threat Deep-seated Americans of northern/western Europe looked down on southern/eastern Europeans British, German, Scandinavian people were considered free, energetic, progressive Slavic, Mediterranean, Jews were viewed as historically down-trodden, atavistic inbred, and stagnant Natives worked to restrict the amount of immigrants Literacy tests, preventing Asked for laws restricting number of immigrants allowed to enter 1921, Established for the number of immigrants the US would accept from each country Dialing Bill marked the end of the immigration in US history. Greatest policy, ending the

Dialectical Theory

Interpersonal alliances squander been the subject of inquiry and discussion for many centuries. Whether a family lasts or renders depends so much on how the parties involved react to the emerging challenges and how they respond to issues. According to the dialectic theory, all relationships undergo tensions which often result into contradictions. It is how the parties engaged in a relationship respond to tensions that shapes the way parties will handle tensions.For a husband and wife in a marriage or a boyfriend and girl friend in a delight affair, the knowledge of the underlying assumptions of the dialectic theory is fundamental. This essay looks into the impact of dialectical tensions in relationships, the management of tensions in relationships and finally the strategies those in relationships burn adopt to deal with tensions. The writer incorporates personal experience of tensions to expound and gull clearer the points deliberated. Autonomy This is the desire to be inde pendent in the intimacys that you set taboo to do and also in your entire life.It occurs regardless of the closeness or intimacy that one has established with his/her mate or however with new(prenominal) people. The need to be autonomous in a relationship may lead to conflicts since your partner expects you to cooperate and do everything in concert inclusive of sharing ideas and experiences. Individual identity This refers to the process of toil whatever to clear oneself in a better way. It involves making attempts of stabling ones weaknesses and strengths so that one can be able-bodied to his/her living grounds.It can result to tensions in a relationship in that on the process of trying to understand yourself your weaknesses may outweigh your strengths and this may bring about doubts on the side of tour partner. veer This is the desire to acquire and sustain variety for example in a relationship. It can be two positive and negative whereby negative change brings about much tension in a relationship. This refers to crook against the plans and agreements that were entered into during the beginning of the relationship. Desire for SeparationThis refers to the strong need to part ways with your partner may be because of inevitable circumstances like a job or due to existence of varied decisions between the partners whereby none wants to give in to each others decisions. This leads to tensions in a relationship and it can even yield into a divorce. Varied approaches- this refers to use of varied means and ways to solve problems or address issues in the relationship by the partners. The partners may therefore have a administer of disagreements and this strains and puts tensions to the relationship.Privacy- this refers to the course of keeping things to oneself. The partners may decide not to disclose anything to each other and this really puts a lot of tension to the relationship since dissonant-ness is not practiced. I have been in an intimate relatio nship for the past phoebe bird years. Although there have been fundamental communication differences, at least the theory of dialectical tensions has been evident finished out. There have been tensions which require to be solved constantly. First of all, my partner is from a different apparitional background, very committed and totally unyielding to compromise.Constantly the practices and doctrines he advocates are against my personal beliefs. On the other hand, I am reserved and although religious, I am not overly given into religiosity as was the case with my partner. Dialectical tensions are manifested in that, while my partner desires to have a baby I do not and often it is a subject of debate, something which has been freeing on and on for the last tierce years. Although both of us have learnt how to ease the tensions, it has taken quite a number of strategies and a thoroughly measure of effort.First of all, we had to agree on how many kids we were going to have if any. Secondly, we were in different careers with different goals in life. The prospects of marriage and therefore of having to raise a family together implied that one or both of us had to make quick changes to career path and it turned out to be me. This obviously was the last thing I had anticipated for and my family members as healthful as close friends were very much against such a decision. So a decision had to be made and for that matter very fast.To achieve a counterweight of the contradictions I had to balance between what I wanted for my relationship versus what my friends and family wanted for me. I also had to balance between the career and the prospects of changing as well as the cost that goes with raising a well rounded family. I also had to balance between creation faithful and obedient to my spouse and being truthful to myself. Integration/separation. The fact that I was changing career paths in order to be together with my spouse meant that, I was undergoing a major d ilemma as far as sacrificing my identity was concerned.We were going to integrate into marriage and therefore someone if not both of us needed to make some sacrifices. I made some. In terms of the advice and discouragement from my friends, I had to ignore their pleas. This was a separation in that, my decision which was final was against their advice and therefore a separation resulted. Stability/change. Having underwent several relationships which were all intimate, switching or at least breaking one and later forming another was a change in itself. This resulted into stableness tension in that.Every time I entered into a relationship, I neer wanted to break it even if it seemed like it was not headed into a marriage. There was and imminent fear of life without this and that partner and this was a major cause of stability tension for me. Expression/privacy. This tension has continued to grip me to date, disclosing to my partner something has never been easy especially when the con sequences are not clear and are unpredictable. In my current relationship, I am the private one while my partner is the open one.While my partner can virtually open up about any issue however damaging or secret, I always dress myself struggling to do that. It takes a lot of pestering to get information out of me especially when I consider the information potentially damaging. Strategies of responding to the above tensions. The strategies discussed here are real and have worked for me. In my relationship whereby the partner and I have major differences, including religious beliefs, I had to select to hang by my feelings and superior of action.It was not going to join my partners bandwagon and subscribe to the religious sect he belonged to. This eventually worked as he later accepted my choice. If I had acted in order to please him, I was going to suffer. I would have just sacrificed too much for energy. In that, my strategy worked. By sticking to my position but mollify maintaini ng the relationship, I learnt how to cope with the tension of differences. In all other relationships before marriage, I ended up adopting separation strategy hence the reason why I would break up if a relationship was not working.Reaffirmation to me was not an rarified strategy in my relationship, although I hold the view that, it is applicable in cases whereby a spouse may be sickly but however serious the condition, the love ones look up to the person getting well one day. In some cases it could be that, a relationship is abusive and a partner keeps on promising that they will change although actually nothing ever happens. Reframing again for me is a strategy I use in my current situation whereby I look at the demands of my relationship differently and therefore gives a new meaning to every contradiction.The tension of having to change career path so as to marry was a dialectical tension I overcame using the reframing strategy. Conclusion. Dialectical theory is very much effecti ve for relationships and I would suggest it to all of the buddies out there who are undergoing hard times in their relationships. From the meanings to the strategies, an in-depth solution to tensions is offered. Therefore theoretical theory is an ideal alternative to solving crisis in relationships.

Ancient Egyptian Medicene

Ancient Egyptian Medicine Ancient Egyptians were an advanced culture especially in medical technology which includes the books of medicine, treatments of disease and unsoundness and the study of the body and its functions. Archeologists and Historians have learned about these large number through papyri found mostly in tombs of great pharaohs and viziers. Unfortunately, there are not many completed texts so we lack information on many things including how they diagnosed ailmentes. Our understanding on many of the aspects of Ancient Egyptian medicine comes from these incomplete tho organic papyri.The most famous book of medicine discovered is the Ebers Papyrus. The medical papyri as it is also known as is the oldest book ever discovered. It is 110 pages long and contains about 900 prescriptions recipes all dating back to 1500 B. C. E. Archeologists can exclusively suspect that the Ebers Papyrus came from the tomb of a swnw (physician) at Thebes because tomb robbers never recorde d where they took them from. The Edwin Smith Papyrus, named later their owner, contained information on healing bruises, overturns, and bones.Hearst Papyrus was found containing much of the same information as the Ebers but in Upper Egypt with a later date. This shows that the information was widespread and that teachings of one physician would travel. There was even out more specific books like the Kahun papyrus from 1850 B. C. E. that seems to be a textbook of gynecology. Physicians used the books to find a remedy, dosage and quantity or medicine, disease which it should be used for and appropriate spell. Treatments for disease begun in the ahead times as exorcism like rituals.The disease was thought of as a demon that needed to be cleaned from the soul. The sick would wear amulets with gods on them to protect them and make them better and also say prayers. just now there was some herbal treatment. Hartshorn was said to be a demon expeller but also a pain reliever. Common fo ods we would never think of as medicine hard great effect on healing. With advancements in tools and metals came more successful surgeries. Sharp stone was used at first but as copper came around it became a lot easier. Physicians would remove tumors and cysts near the skin easily.After surgery the injure would be wrapped in linen with honey holding it together. Honey prevented infection by violent death bacteria, and this made many surgeries turn out successful If there is illness there will be speculation on where it came from. The Egyptians had an idea that blocked channels caused illness. They got this idea because when the Nile did not flood, there was starvation which caused passel death. Treatments were developed to unblocked channels like castor oil to cause vomiting. Blood was also commonly drained out of veins.It was in truth common for some to not eat or force themselves to throw up for about three days a month to ensure clean channels. They believed another cause of illness to be evil spirits. To protect themselves they would wear jewelry with prayers and gods on it to watch and protect them. The most dangerous times to spirits were thought to be while sleeping and during childbirth. At the times there would be many statues to protect and keep the person well. Egyptians had many ideas on how the body worked. One was that the respiratory placement was the breath of life going into the right ear and death leaving the left ear.This was obviously very wrong but its interesting to see their interests in the mechanics of the human body. Pulse was sight and was linked to the heart, which was considered the most vital organ. The brain was really not thought of, and during embalming it would be broken and thrown away. The papyrus tells us that physicians had names for some of the major organs but not all. They did not psychoanalyse bodies to learn from them because that was against their religion. The only people to ever see inside the body were e mbalmers, but because they were considered unclean they were cut off from the community.It is a possibility that embalming is how they learned of the hearts importance but there is a large chance they learned this through warriors that had been injured. With so much care into health and wellness many people lived long lives. In ancient times 10% of Egyptian people lived past 50 which was very old for the time. Most fatalities happened before the age of five. Other dangerous times were teen years for women. many another(prenominal) girls were having children by the age of 14 or earlier and died in childbirth. This is the reason why many Egyptian men had a longer life span on average.When Romans and Greeks came into power, Egyptians still led in medicine. When Alexandria with build in northern Egypt it became the learning center for Greek medicine. The Romans visited Memphis in 200 B. C. E to copy muckle books from 1000 years after Ebers Papyrus was written And the English used Eg yptian treatments up until the 1900s when discoveries on disease and bacteria started being made. These practices that seem crazy to modern technology lasted for 3000 years and helped the world din to wear it is today Without Egyptian medicine history and the world would be a very unalike place.

Critique on Mm Theory Essay

It does not matter what the firms dividend policy is (Modigliani and milling machine 958). The basic assumptions of MM hypothesis atomic number 18 1 . The company only has the long-term bonds and common stocks, both bonds and stock trade in the complete ceiling market with no deed cost 2. The individual investors and bodied investors could gain the same interest rate with no liability take a chance 3. The companies with similar operating conditions have the same vocation risks 4. Investors hold the same expectations on the average business profit in future 5.All cash flows be perpetual annuities, including EBIT (Earnings before interest and tax) etc, that is, the ripening ate of the enterprise is zero (Modigliani and Miller 1958). The development of MM theory mostly experienced iii stages 1 . No-tax pretending. The first MM model takes no account of corporate taxations 2. Corporate tax model. Modigliani and Miller (1963) published Corporate Income Taxes and the Cost of C apital A Correction, which loosened its initial assumptions, introduced corporate tax into MM theory(Modigliani and Miller 1963) 3.Miller model. Merton H. Miller (1976) proposed to consider corporate tax and individual tax in estimating how the debt leverage impacts the value of firm (Miller 1977). During the past 50-year, MM theory has made large academic achievements for western companies in exploring the optimal not bad(p) structure and reducing capital costs etc. Firstly, it provides a research contrive of reference and theoretical basis. Since that, most of the capital theories are base on MM theory, such as Pecking- run Theory, Trade-off Theory, and Agency Theory etc.Secondly, MM theory makes the capital structure theories systematic and builds a framework for the development of capital structure theories. Secondly, MM theory makes the capital tructure theory systematically, as on that point was not a system of traditional capital structure theory. Last, but not least, it is only a general description of the traditional capital structure theory. While MM theory uses modern analytical methods, such as partial equilibrium, mathematical analysis etc, thitherfore, it makes MM theory become reliable.Despite tremendous achievements, there are still limitations in MM theory. First, the assumptions are too harsh, and most of them cannot be achieved in reality. To illustrate, MM theory assumes that individuals and corporations could borrow at the ore than what corporations do, as well as bear a high risk. Furthermore, MM theory also assumes there is no transaction cost, which extremely differs from the real transaction process. Second, the assumptions are beyond the reality, although the logic derivation is correct, the conclusions still differs.Both corporate tax model and Miller model suppose that corporation should raise the liability as more than as possible in order to maximise the value of the firm, in extremity, up to 100% liability. However, none of enterprises adopt this point. Third, MM theory stands at a static erspective, and does not consider the external economic environment and the impact on capital structure by changing enterprises production and operating conditions. In fact, many factors, which reckon the capital structures, are variable.For example, companies should cut down their liabilities appropriately in order to reduce business risks, when the socio-economic experiences a recession. According to MM theory, the value of tax saving is associated with the corporate income tax rate. That is, the higher corporate income tax rate, the more tax deductible the corporation could achieve from financing by liability. In other words, corporations are inclined to finance by liabilities rather than equity financing in relative higher corporate income tax rate countries, and vice versa.Under the actual situation in China, the corporate income tax is much higher than other countries in the world corporations should prefer fi nancing from debt theoretically (Huang and Zhang 2007). However, actually, the capital structure of Chinese enterprises runs counter to the MM theory and other capital structure theories. The proportion of liability financing in China is far less than the proportion of equity financing (Huang and Song 2006). First of all, there is only no mechanism in applying MM theory.In accordance with the MM theory, both individual and institutional investors can process arbitrage actions freely in the capital markets. In western well-developed capital markets, there is a wide range of fund-raising channels and other financing options, the arbitrage mechanisms usually affect the markets. However, at present, the market mechanism is not fully developed in China, as well as capital market is under-developed. Thus, these limit the financing options and forms make it difficult to carry out arbitrage activities. Generally, MM theory cannot be applied.

Chapter #9 Summary: New Directions in Planning Theory Essay

Chapter 9 compact New Directions in Planning TheorySusan S. Fainstein Susan S. is professor of urban planning and acting program conductor in Columbia University. In this article she discusses and critiques contemporary planning theory in terms of its advantage in addressing what I believe to be its defining question what is the possibility of consciously achieving widespread receipts in the quality of human life within the context of a global capitalist semipolitical economy. She examines the three approaches referred to above under the rubrics of -(1) the communicative model sometimes called the collaborative model, emphasizes the planners share in mediating among stakeholders within the planning situation-(2) the new urbanism frequently labeled neo-traditionalism, paints a physical personation of a desirable city to be obtained through planning -(3) and the just city, which derives from the political economy tradition, bandage also appearcome oriented, is more(prenominal) abstract than the new urbanism, presenting a model of spatial relations base on equity.The Communicative ModelThe communicative model draws on two philosophical approaches American realism as developed in the idea of John Dewey and Richard Rorty and the theory of communicative rationality as worked out by Jurgen Habermas.5 The two strands differ somewhat in their methodologies. Neo-pragmatism tends toward empiricism. Theoretical and Practical DeficienciesIn its effort to carry out planning from elitist tendencies, communicative planning theory runs into difficulties. The communicative model should not be faulted for its high-mindeds of openness and diversity. Its vulnerability rather lies in a tendency to substitute moral exhortation for synopsis. Although their roots, via Habermas, are in scathing theory, once the communicative theorists move away from critique and present a manual for action, their thought loses its edge. THE tender URBANISMThe new urbanism refers to a h uman body-oriented approach to planned urban development. Developed primarily by architects and journalists, it isperhaps more ideology than theory, and its message is carried not just by academics but by planning practitioners and a hot movement. New urbanists have received considerable attention in the United States and, to a lesser extent, in Great Britain.Their orientation resembles that of the early planning theoristsEbenezer Howard, Frederic Law Olmsted, Patrick Geddesin their aim of using spatial relations to create a close-knit social community that allows diverse elements to interact. The new urbanists call for an urban design that includes a variety of building types, mixed uses, intermingling of housing for different income groups, and a strong privileging of the public country CritiqueThe new urbanism is vulnerable to the accusation that its proponents oversell their product, promoting an unrealistic environmental determinism that has threaded its way throughout the h istory of physical planningTHE JUST CITYIn Socialism Utopian and Scientific Friedrich Engels (1935, p. 54) presents the Marxian critique of utopianism The nett causes of all social changes and political revolutions are to be sought, not in mens brains, not in mans better insight into eternal truth and justice, but in changes in the modes of production and exchange. . . . For Marx and Engels, social transformation could occur only when the times were ripe, when circumstances enabled the forces for social amelioration to get word their objectives. In their view utopian thinkers like Robert Owen and Fourier could not succeed because they developed a social ideal that did not coincide with a material reality still dominated by capitalist interests. but smashing the structure of class domination could create the conditions for achieving a just society. CONCLUSIONIn Her termination she defends the continued use of the just city mode and a modified form of the political-economy mode of analysis that underlies it, described below The three types of planning theory described in this essay all overlay a social reformist outlook. They represent a move from the purely critical perspective that characterized very much theory in the seventies and eighties to one that once again offers a promise of a better life.Whereas reaction to technocracy and positivism shaped planning theory of that period, more recent planning thought has responded to the challenge of post-modernism.

Dealing with Offending Behaviour Essay

Acknowledgement of anger conduct and its impact disdain a 50% increase in the budget for prisons and managing wrongdoers in the last ten years around half of all adult offenders released from custody reoffend within a year so effective refilling is needed to enable us to break the cycle of crime and prison. This rehabilitation includes pique doings programmes, which grant offenders, confront and acknowledge the damage their behaviour does, and so learn how to change the patterns which have often bragging(a) up over many years and have become a way of liveliness.Assessment of someone behaviourA plan is drawn up for an individual depending on their offences and the analysis completed when they beginning arrived in custody to decide which offending behaviour programmes, education and training they will receive plot in prison to prep be them for release.Assessment of associated risksThe offender can be a risk to themselves and the public. They redact themselves at risk of be ing back in prison if they leave and carry on the akin lifestyle with the same heap, surroundings and pressures. Breaking out of a cycle of crime is hard for an individual but it is possible with support from rehabilitation programmes inside and out of prison. If the cycle isnt broken and an offender leaves prison the public are at risk of crimes by that person damage to life, people and home can happen which could have been prevented if the correct programmes were available to them turn inside.Behaviour factorsPrisoners behaviour issues can lead them to reoffend because of different factors such as physical, social, psychological and wound up. People with offending behaviour are to a greater extent likely to be aggressive and impulsive which can link to medical conditions such as ADHD and autism meaning they mis date social norms and behave in an anti-social manner. If they live in a discriminate society there are more negative peer groups surroundingoffenders, encouraging th em to be anti-social. The families in these areas wont have appropriate role models to teach the norms of society making young people mobilize its acceptable to be truant from school, meaning lack of qualification and becoming more likely to commit crime when theyre older.Offending behaviourYoung people and adults who display heartbreaking and persistent offending behaviour usually have patterns of negative behaviour dating back to their first years. The key to prevention lies in the early years and parents having a good grounds of their role in shaping their childrens behaviour if this isnt done correctly the child grows up not understanding social norms and values of society so when they grow up they commit crimes view its a normal way to behave. They get punished for it, released from prison and carry on their corrupted criminal life if nothing is done to change them inside prison.Changing behaviour positivelyTo help prisoners deal with their offending behaviour they are abl e to talk about what they think and impression about their crimes, they can then reflect and understand the harm they cause to others through their actions. Also a lot of time and resources are used teaching prisoners new techniques such as job solving, coping mechanisms and decision making to help them think through past incidents and show how they can be changed in the future.Impact of crime on victims subsequently experiencing a crime, people can be affected in different ways. Sometimes people obtain quite normal for a while and then things may suddenly start to fall apart, while others can have physical symptoms such as lack of sleep or feeling contrive with worry. People around you such as friends, partners and children are also likely to be affected. They may feel similar emotions to yours alongside being concerned about you but at the same time many people find that others around them expect them to just get over it.Current offending behaviour programmes Sex Offenders Tr eatment Programmes (SOTP)SOPT is a range of programmes specifically for sex offenders designed according to individual involve and their risk levels in society. It helps offenders understand how and why they have committed sexual offences and also increases awareness of victim harm. The main focus is to help the offender develop meaningful life goals and practice new thinking and behavioural skills that will lead them away from reoffending. Controlling Anger and Learning to Manage it (CALM)CALM is an emotional management programme designed for offending behaviour stemmed from intense emotions. The goals are to help offenders understand the factors that trigger their anger and aggression and learn skills to manage their emotions.ReoffendingDifferent things trigger people to reoffend including poor thinking, problem solving skills and little self-control when under peer pressure. People who reoffend usually cant suss out the potential problems they are putting themselves in this is usually because they are unable to disassociate with other offending peers. These groups have a tendency to be more impulsive and aggressive with hostile behaviour which results in trouble with the police.